Excel like a finance pro.

The functions, VBA, and shortcuts a finance operator actually uses — curated, with CFO examples. Prefer them pre-built? Grab a ready-made model.

The library

Every topic the skills test can ask about, ranked within its area, with a difficulty rating on the same Elo scale as the test and the number of practice questions behind it — 3,091 in all.

Functions · 520

Ranked by how often a finance operator reaches for them.

#	Topic	What it does	Difficulty	Practice
1	SUM	Adds up numbers, ranges, or both.	850	27 →
2	IF	Returns one value if a test is true and another if it is false.	950	31 →
3	AVERAGE	Returns the arithmetic mean, ignoring blanks and text.	850	19 →
4	VLOOKUP	Finds a value in the first column of a table and returns a value from a column to the right.	1200	27 →
5	COUNT	Counts cells that contain numbers; text and blanks are skipped.	900	5 →
6	COUNTA	Counts cells that are not empty, whatever they contain.	900	7 →
7	SUMIF	Adds the cells in a range that meet one condition.	1150	56 →
8	SUMIFS	Adds cells that meet several conditions at once.	1250	28 →
9	COUNTIF	Counts cells that meet one condition, with wildcards allowed in text.	1100	76 →
10	COUNTIFS	Counts rows that meet several conditions at once.	1200	26 →
11	XLOOKUP	Finds a value in one range and returns the matching item from another, in any direction, exact by default.	1250	18 →
12	ROUND	Rounds a number to a given number of digits; negative digits round to tens, hundreds, and so on.	950	48 →
13	MAX	Returns the largest number.	850	35 →
14	MIN	Returns the smallest number.	850	15 →
15	IFERROR	Returns an alternative value if a formula produces any error.	1050	42 →
16	INDEX	Returns the value at a given row and column position in a range.	1250	55 →
17	MATCH	Returns the position of a value in a range, not the value itself.	1250	6 →
18	CONCAT	Joins text from several cells or ranges with no delimiter.	950	21 →
19	TEXT	Formats a number or date as text using a format code.	1150	56 →
20	LEFT	Returns the first characters of a text string.	950	38 →
21	RIGHT	Returns the last characters of a text string.	950	25 →
22	MID	Returns characters from the middle of a string, starting at a position.	1050	25 →
23	LEN	Returns the number of characters in a string, spaces included.	900	23 →
24	TRIM	Removes leading, trailing, and repeated spaces.	950	10 →
25	TODAY	Returns the current date, updated on every recalculation.	900	3 →
26	DATE	Builds a date from year, month, and day numbers.	1000	5 →
27	AND	Returns TRUE only if every argument is true.	1000	15 →
28	OR	Returns TRUE if any argument is true.	1000	14 →
29	AVERAGEIF	Averages the cells that meet one condition.	1150	16 →
30	AVERAGEIFS	Averages cells that meet several conditions.	1250	11 →
31	SUMPRODUCT	Multiplies matching elements of arrays and adds the products; the workhorse for conditional math without helper columns.	1550	90 →
32	SUBTOTAL	Runs a chosen aggregate (SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, ...) that ignores rows hidden by a filter.	1300	4 →
33	EOMONTH	Returns the last day of the month a number of months away.	1100	24 →
34	YEAR	Returns the year from a date.	900	14 →
35	MONTH	Returns the month number from a date.	900	14 →
36	DAY	Returns the day of the month from a date.	900	3 →
37	NOW	Returns the current date and time.	900	4 →
38	IFS	Tests several conditions in order and returns the value for the first true one.	1150	16 →
39	FILTER	Returns the rows of a range that meet a condition, as a spilled array.	1350	16 →
40	UNIQUE	Returns the distinct values from a range.	1300	4 →
41	TEXTJOIN	Joins values with a delimiter, optionally skipping blanks.	1150	22 →
42	SUBSTITUTE	Replaces occurrences of specific text with other text.	1100	33 →
43	FIND	Returns the position of text inside other text; case-sensitive, no wildcards.	1100	31 →
44	SEARCH	Returns the position of text inside other text; case-insensitive, wildcards allowed.	1100	5 →
45	VALUE	Converts a number stored as text into a number.	1000	10 →
46	ABS	Returns the absolute value, the number without its sign.	900	13 →
47	INT	Rounds a number down to the nearest integer, toward negative infinity.	1000	4 →
48	MOD	Returns the remainder after division.	1050	27 →
49	ROUNDUP	Rounds a number away from zero to a given number of digits.	1000	5 →
50	ROUNDDOWN	Rounds a number toward zero to a given number of digits.	1000	4 →
51	PROPER	Capitalizes the first letter of each word.	900	22 →
52	UPPER	Converts text to uppercase.	850	14 →
53	LOWER	Converts text to lowercase.	850	3 →
54	CONCATENATE	Joins text values; the older version of CONCAT that cannot take ranges.	950	3 →
55	HLOOKUP	Finds a value in the first row of a table and returns a value from a row below.	1200	3 →
56	INDIRECT	Turns text into a live cell reference.	1450	3 →
57	OFFSET	Returns a range shifted from a starting cell by a number of rows and columns.	1400	3 →
58	CHOOSE	Returns one item from a list based on an index number.	1100	3 →
59	ISBLANK	Returns TRUE if a cell is empty.	950	3 →
60	ISNUMBER	Returns TRUE if a value is a number.	1000	3 →
61	IFNA	Returns an alternative value only if a formula produces #N/A.	1100	4 →
62	ISERROR	Returns TRUE for any error value.	1050	3 →
63	MEDIAN	Returns the middle value, unaffected by outliers.	950	23 →
64	LARGE	Returns the k-th largest value.	1050	24 →
65	SMALL	Returns the k-th smallest value.	1050	14 →
66	RANK.EQ	Returns the rank of a number in a list; ties share the top rank.	1100	14 →
67	SORT	Returns a range sorted by one of its columns.	1300	15 →
68	SORTBY	Sorts a range by another range, which can be outside it.	1350	3 →
69	SEQUENCE	Returns a spilled list of sequential numbers.	1350	4 →
70	LET	Names intermediate results inside a formula so they are calculated once and reused.	1400	4 →
71	XMATCH	Returns the position of a value with exact match by default and optional reverse search.	1300	3 →
72	EDATE	Returns the date a number of months before or after a date.	1100	15 →
73	DATEDIF	Returns the complete years, months, or days between two dates; undocumented but reliable.	1200	24 →
74	NETWORKDAYS	Counts working days between two dates, skipping weekends and listed holidays.	1150	22 →
75	WORKDAY	Returns the date a number of working days from a start date.	1150	4 →
76	WEEKDAY	Returns the day of the week as a number; 1 is Sunday by default.	1050	21 →
77	WEEKNUM	Returns the week number of the year.	1050	3 →
78	PMT	Returns the periodic payment on a loan at a constant rate.	1300	41 →
79	NPV	Returns the net present value of cash flows that occur at the end of each period.	1400	13 →
80	IRR	Returns the internal rate of return of a series of cash flows.	1400	5 →
81	XNPV	Returns the net present value of cash flows on specific dates.	1450	4 →
82	XIRR	Returns the internal rate of return for cash flows on specific dates.	1450	3 →
83	PV	Returns the present value of a series of equal payments.	1350	12 →
84	FV	Returns the future value of a series of equal payments.	1350	12 →
85	RATE	Returns the interest rate per period of an annuity.	1400	3 →
86	NPER	Returns the number of periods needed to pay off or reach an amount.	1350	12 →
87	GETPIVOTDATA	Pulls a specific value out of a pivot table by field and item names.	1350	3 →
88	ROW	Returns the row number of a reference, or of the cell it sits in.	1050	3 →
89	COLUMN	Returns the column number of a reference.	1050	2 →
90	ROWS	Returns the number of rows in a range.	1050	2 →
91	COLUMNS	Returns the number of columns in a range.	1050	2 →
92	TRANSPOSE	Flips a range so rows become columns and columns become rows.	1200	2 →
93	MAXIFS	Returns the largest value among cells that meet conditions.	1250	14 →
94	MINIFS	Returns the smallest value among cells that meet conditions.	1250	13 →
95	SWITCH	Compares one expression against a list of values and returns the matching result.	1150	4 →
96	TEXTSPLIT	Splits text into an array by delimiters.	1300	3 →
97	TEXTBEFORE	Returns the text that comes before a delimiter.	1200	3 →
98	TEXTAFTER	Returns the text that comes after a delimiter.	1200	13 →
99	LAMBDA	Defines a custom reusable function without VBA.	1700	4 →
100	MAP	Applies a LAMBDA to each element of an array and returns the results.	1700	3 →
101	REDUCE	Accumulates a single result by applying a LAMBDA across an array.	1800	3 →
102	SCAN	Like REDUCE but returns every intermediate value, useful for running totals.	1800	3 →
103	BYROW	Applies a LAMBDA to each row of an array and returns one result per row.	1700	3 →
104	BYCOL	Applies a LAMBDA to each column of an array and returns one result per column.	1700	3 →
105	MAKEARRAY	Builds an array of a given size by calling a LAMBDA with each row and column number.	1800	2 →
106	VSTACK	Stacks arrays on top of one another into one array.	1350	3 →
107	HSTACK	Places arrays side by side into one array.	1350	3 →
108	TAKE	Returns the first or last rows or columns of an array; negative numbers count from the end.	1350	3 →
109	DROP	Returns an array with the first or last rows or columns removed.	1350	3 →
110	CHOOSECOLS	Returns the chosen columns from an array, in the order you list them.	1400	3 →
111	CHOOSEROWS	Returns the chosen rows from an array.	1400	3 →
112	TOCOL	Flattens an array into a single column.	1400	3 →
113	TOROW	Flattens an array into a single row.	1400	2 →
114	WRAPROWS	Wraps a single row or column into rows of a given width.	1450	2 →
115	WRAPCOLS	Wraps a single row or column into columns of a given height.	1450	2 →
116	EXPAND	Grows an array to given dimensions, padding new cells.	1400	2 →
117	GROUPBY	Summarizes data by groups in one formula, like a pivot table that recalculates live.	1600	3 →
118	PIVOTBY	Cross-tabulates data by rows and columns in one formula.	1650	2 →
119	STDEV.S	Returns the standard deviation of a sample.	1200	14 →
120	STDEV.P	Returns the standard deviation of an entire population.	1200	3 →
121	VAR.S	Returns the variance of a sample.	1250	3 →
122	PERCENTILE.INC	Returns the value at a given percentile, k from 0 to 1 inclusive.	1250	3 →
123	QUARTILE.INC	Returns a quartile of a data set (0 = min, 2 = median, 4 = max).	1250	3 →
124	CORREL	Returns the correlation coefficient between two data sets, from -1 to 1.	1300	3 →
125	FORECAST.LINEAR	Predicts a y value for a given x using linear regression.	1300	3 →
126	TREND	Returns values along a linear trend fitted to the data, as an array.	1350	3 →
127	RAND	Returns a random decimal between 0 and 1, recalculated on every change.	1000	3 →
128	RANDBETWEEN	Returns a random whole number between two values you give.	1000	4 →
129	RANDARRAY	Returns an array of random numbers of the size you specify.	1400	3 →
130	REPT	Repeats text a given number of times.	1000	8 →
131	CHAR	Returns the character for a code number; CHAR(10) is a line break.	1100	2 →
132	CODE	Returns the numeric code of the first character.	1100	2 →
133	CLEAN	Removes non-printable characters from text.	1000	2 →
134	EXACT	Tests whether two strings are identical, case-sensitively.	1000	3 →
135	NUMBERVALUE	Converts text to a number using separators you specify, for other locales.	1200	2 →
136	DOLLAR	Formats a number as currency text.	1000	2 →
137	HYPERLINK	Creates a clickable link to a file, web page, or cell.	1050	3 →
138	AGGREGATE	Like SUBTOTAL with more functions and the option to ignore errors and hidden rows.	1500	3 →
139	MROUND	Rounds a number to the nearest multiple you specify, like the nearest 5 or 0.25.	1100	3 →
140	CEILING.MATH	Rounds a number up to the nearest integer or multiple of significance.	1100	3 →
141	FLOOR.MATH	Rounds a number down to the nearest integer or multiple of significance.	1100	3 →
142	TRUNC	Drops the decimal part of a number without rounding.	1000	3 →
143	SIGN	Returns 1 for positive, -1 for negative, and 0 for zero.	1000	2 →
144	POWER	Raises a number to a power; the same as the ^ operator.	950	9 →
145	SQRT	Returns the positive square root.	950	4 →
146	PRODUCT	Multiplies all the numbers given.	950	3 →
147	COUNTBLANK	Counts empty cells in a range.	950	2 →
148	AVERAGEA	Returns the mean counting text as 0 and TRUE as 1.	1100	2 →
149	MAXA	Returns the largest value, counting TRUE as 1 and text as 0.	1100	2 →
150	MODE.SNGL	Returns the most frequently occurring number.	1050	3 →
151	FREQUENCY	Counts how many values fall into each bin, returned as an array.	1400	3 →
152	PI	Returns the value of pi.	900	2 →
153	DAYS	Returns the number of days between two dates.	950	22 →
154	HOUR	Returns the hour from a time.	950	2 →
155	NOT	Reverses TRUE and FALSE.	950	2 →
156	ISTEXT	Returns TRUE if a value is text.	1000	2 →
157	DATEVALUE	Converts a date written as text into a date serial number.	1050	3 →
158	ISNA	Returns TRUE only for #N/A.	1050	2 →
159	NA	Returns the #N/A error on purpose, for example to leave a gap in a chart.	1050	2 →
160	TIME	Builds a time value from hours, minutes, and seconds.	1050	3 →
161	REPLACE	Replaces characters at a position with other text.	1100	3 →
162	MODE	Returns the most frequent value in a set of numbers; still works but MODE.SNGL is the current name.	1050	3 →
163	RANK	Returns the rank of a number in a list; still widely typed but RANK.EQ is the current name.	1100	6 →
164	SLN	Returns straight-line depreciation for one period.	1200	3 →
165	YEARFRAC	Returns the fraction of a year between two dates.	1200	3 →
166	PERCENTILE	Returns the k-th percentile of a range; still common but PERCENTILE.INC is the current name.	1200	3 →
167	QUARTILE	Returns a quartile of a data set; still common but QUARTILE.INC is the current name.	1200	3 →
168	STDEV	Estimates standard deviation from a sample; still widely typed but STDEV.S is the current name.	1200	3 →
169	FORECAST	Predicts a value along a straight-line trend; still works but FORECAST.LINEAR is the current name.	1300	3 →
170	IPMT	Returns the interest portion of a specific payment.	1400	3 →
171	PPMT	Returns the principal portion of a specific payment.	1400	3 →
172	FALSE	Returns the logical value FALSE.	850	2 →
173	TRUE	Returns the logical value TRUE.	850	2 →
174	ISEVEN	Returns TRUE if a number is even.	950	2 →
175	ISODD	Returns TRUE if a number is odd.	950	2 →
176	MINUTE	Returns the minute from a time.	950	2 →
177	QUOTIENT	Returns the integer part of a division, discarding the remainder.	1050	3 →
178	CEILING	Rounds a number away from zero to the nearest multiple of significance; the older form kept for compatibility.	1100	4 →
179	FLOOR	Rounds a number toward zero to the nearest multiple of significance; the older form kept for compatibility.	1100	3 →
180	FORMULATEXT	Returns the formula in a cell as text.	1100	2 →
181	ISERR	Returns TRUE for any error except #N/A.	1100	2 →
182	ISFORMULA	Returns TRUE if a cell contains a formula.	1100	2 →
183	ISOWEEKNUM	Returns the ISO week number, where weeks start on Monday.	1100	2 →
184	N	Converts a value to a number: TRUE to 1, text and blanks to 0.	1100	2 →
185	TIMEVALUE	Converts a time written as text into a time value.	1100	2 →
186	RANK.AVG	Returns the rank of a number; ties get the average rank.	1150	3 →
187	UNICHAR	Returns the Unicode character for a number.	1150	2 →
188	EXP	Returns e raised to the given power.	1200	2 →
189	IMAGE	Places an image from a URL into a cell.	1200	3 →
190	LN	Returns the natural logarithm.	1200	2 →
191	LOG	Returns the logarithm to a base you choose, base 10 by default.	1200	3 →
192	LOG10	Returns the base-10 logarithm.	1200	2 →
193	TRANSLATE	Translates text from one language to another using Microsoft Translator.	1200	3 →
194	CELL	Returns information about a cell, such as its address, format, or file path.	1250	3 →
195	COMBIN	Returns the number of ways to choose k items from n, order not mattering.	1250	3 →
196	GEOMEAN	Returns the geometric mean, the right average for growth rates.	1250	3 →
197	LOOKUP	Approximate-match lookup in a sorted one-row or one-column range.	1250	3 →
198	ADDRESS	Builds a cell address as text from row and column numbers.	1300	3 →
199	COPILOT	Sends a prompt and optional cell context to Copilot and returns its answer into the grid.	1300	3 →
200	INTERCEPT	Returns where the regression line crosses the y-axis.	1300	3 →
201	NETWORKDAYS.INTL	Counts working days with a custom definition of the weekend.	1300	3 →
202	PERCENTRANK.INC	Returns the percentile rank of a value within a list.	1300	3 →
203	SLOPE	Returns the slope of the linear regression line through the points.	1300	3 →
204	STDEVP	Calculates standard deviation of an entire population; replaced by STDEV.P.	1200	3 →
205	TRIMMEAN	Returns the mean after excluding a percentage of the highest and lowest values.	1300	3 →
206	VAR	Estimates variance from a sample; still widely typed but VAR.S is the current name.	1200	3 →
207	VARP	Calculates variance of an entire population; replaced by VAR.P.	1200	3 →
208	WORKDAY.INTL	Returns a date a number of working days away with a custom weekend.	1300	3 →
209	DDB	Returns double-declining-balance depreciation for a period.	1350	3 →
210	EFFECT	Returns the effective annual rate given a nominal rate and compounding periods.	1350	3 →
211	PERCENTOF	Returns the percentage that a subset of data makes up of the whole; built for GROUPBY and PIVOTBY.	1350	3 →
212	RRI	Returns the equivalent compound growth rate between two values, a CAGR.	1350	3 →
213	RSQ	Returns the square of the correlation coefficient, the R-squared of a linear fit.	1350	3 →
214	TRIMRANGE	Trims the empty outer rows and columns from a range so whole-column references stop dragging blanks along.	1350	3 →
215	CONVERT	Converts a number between measurement units, like miles to kilometers.	1200	3 →
216	NORM.DIST	Returns the normal distribution for a value.	1400	3 →
217	NORM.S.DIST	Returns the standard normal distribution for a z-score.	1400	3 →
218	NORM.S.INV	Returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution: the z-score for a probability.	1400	2 →
219	STOCKHISTORY	Returns historical price data for a stock as an array.	1400	3 →
220	NORM.INV	Returns the value for a given probability under a normal distribution.	1450	3 →
221	NORMDIST	Returns the normal distribution; replaced by NORM.DIST.	1350	3 →
222	NORMINV	Returns the inverse of the normal cumulative distribution; replaced by NORM.INV.	1350	3 →
223	NORMSDIST	Returns the standard normal cumulative distribution; replaced by NORM.S.DIST.	1350	2 →
224	NORMSINV	Returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution; replaced by NORM.S.INV.	1350	2 →
225	CUMIPMT	Returns the cumulative interest paid between two periods.	1500	3 →
226	CUMPRINC	Returns the cumulative principal paid between two periods.	1500	3 →
227	FORECAST.ETS	Predicts a future value using exponential smoothing with seasonality.	1500	3 →
228	MIRR	Returns a modified IRR that assumes a reinvestment rate.	1500	3 →
229	MMULT	Returns the matrix product of two arrays; rows of the first must match columns of the second.	1500	3 →
230	REGEXTEST	Tests whether text matches a regular expression.	1500	3 →
231	PY	Runs Python code in a cell using Python in Excel, returning either a Python object or an Excel value.	1550	3 →
232	REGEXEXTRACT	Extracts text matching a regular expression.	1550	3 →
233	REGEXREPLACE	Replaces text matching a regular expression.	1550	3 →
234	T.TEST	Returns the probability associated with a t-test comparing two samples.	1550	3 →
235	LINEST	Returns the parameters of a linear regression as an array, with statistics on request.	1600	3 →
236	CUBEVALUE	Returns an aggregated value from an OLAP cube or Power Pivot data model.	1600	3 →
237	SECOND	Returns the second from a time.	950	2 →
238	ARABIC	Converts a Roman numeral to an Arabic number.	1000	2 →
239	DEGREES	Converts radians to degrees.	1000	2 →
240	RADIANS	Converts degrees to radians.	1000	2 →
241	ROMAN	Converts an Arabic number to Roman numerals as text.	1000	2 →
242	EVEN	Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer.	1050	2 →
243	FIXED	Formats a number as text with a fixed number of decimals.	1050	2 →
244	ISLOGICAL	Returns TRUE if a value is TRUE or FALSE.	1050	2 →
245	ISNONTEXT	Returns TRUE if a value is not text, blanks included.	1050	2 →
246	ODD	Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer.	1050	2 →
247	COS	Returns the cosine of an angle in radians.	1100	2 →
248	FACT	Returns the factorial of a number.	1100	2 →
249	MINA	Returns the smallest value in a list, counting text as 0 and TRUE as 1.	1100	2 →
250	SIN	Returns the sine of an angle in radians.	1100	2 →
251	T	Returns the value if it is text, otherwise an empty string.	1100	2 →
252	TAN	Returns the tangent of an angle in radians.	1100	2 →
253	GCD	Returns the greatest common divisor of integers.	1150	2 →
254	ISREF	Returns TRUE if a value is a reference.	1150	2 →
255	LCM	Returns the least common multiple of integers.	1150	2 →
256	SHEET	Returns the sheet number of a reference.	1150	2 →
257	SHEETS	Returns the number of sheets in a reference or the workbook.	1150	2 →
258	UNICODE	Returns the Unicode number of the first character.	1150	2 →
259	AREAS	Returns the number of areas in a reference.	1200	2 →
260	CEILING.PRECISE	Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple of significance, always toward positive infinity regardless of sign.	1200	2 →
261	DAYS360	Returns days between dates on a 360-day year, used in some interest calculations.	1200	2 →
262	DETECTLANGUAGE	Returns the language code that a piece of text is written in.	1200	2 →
263	FLOOR.PRECISE	Rounds a number down to the nearest multiple of significance, always toward negative infinity regardless of sign.	1200	2 →
264	INFO	Returns information about the environment, such as the operating system or Excel version.	1200	2 →
265	LEFTB	Returns the leftmost bytes of a text string, for double-byte languages.	1200	2 →
266	LENB	Returns the number of bytes in a text string, for double-byte languages.	1200	2 →
267	MIDB	Returns bytes from the middle of a text string, for double-byte languages.	1200	2 →
268	RIGHTB	Returns the rightmost bytes of a text string, for double-byte languages.	1200	2 →
269	SUMSQ	Returns the sum of the squares of the arguments.	1200	2 →
270	TYPE	Returns a number for the type of value: 1 number, 2 text, 4 logical, 16 error, 64 array.	1200	2 →
271	VALUETOTEXT	Returns any value as text.	1200	2 →
272	XOR	Returns TRUE when an odd number of arguments are true.	1200	2 →
273	ACOS	Returns the arccosine of a number, in radians.	1250	2 →
274	ARRAYTOTEXT	Returns an array as a single text string.	1250	2 →
275	ASIN	Returns the arcsine of a number, in radians.	1250	2 →
276	ATAN	Returns the arctangent of a number, in radians.	1250	2 →
277	BASE	Converts a number to text in another base, such as binary.	1250	2 →
278	COT	Returns the cotangent of an angle given in radians.	1250	2 →
279	CSC	Returns the cosecant of an angle given in radians.	1250	2 →
280	DECIMAL	Converts text in a given base back to a decimal number.	1250	2 →
281	ENCODEURL	Returns a URL-encoded version of text.	1250	2 →
282	ERROR.TYPE	Returns a number identifying which error a value is.	1250	2 →
283	FINDB	Finds one text string within another, counting bytes rather than characters, for double-byte languages.	1250	2 →
284	ISO.CEILING	Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple of significance using the ISO rule, ignoring the sign of significance.	1250	2 →
285	PERMUT	Returns the number of ordered arrangements of k items chosen from n.	1250	2 →
286	REPLACEB	Replaces part of a text string by byte position, for double-byte languages.	1250	2 →
287	SEARCHB	Finds one text string within another without case sensitivity, counting bytes for double-byte languages.	1250	2 →
288	SEC	Returns the secant of an angle given in radians.	1250	2 →
289	SQRTPI	Returns the square root of a number multiplied by pi.	1250	2 →
290	STDEVA	Estimates sample standard deviation, counting text as 0 and TRUE as 1.	1250	2 →
291	STDEVPA	Calculates population standard deviation, counting text as 0 and TRUE as 1.	1250	2 →
292	VAR.P	Returns the variance of a population.	1250	2 →
293	VARA	Estimates sample variance, counting text as 0 and TRUE as 1.	1250	2 →
294	VARPA	Calculates population variance, counting text as 0 and TRUE as 1.	1250	2 →
295	ASC	Converts full-width double-byte characters to half-width single-byte characters.	1300	2 →
296	ATAN2	Returns the angle from x and y coordinates.	1300	2 →
297	AVEDEV	Returns the average of absolute deviations from the mean.	1300	2 →
298	BAHTTEXT	Converts a number to Thai text and appends a baht suffix.	1300	2 →
299	COMBINA	Returns the number of combinations with repetitions allowed.	1300	2 →
300	COSH	Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number.	1300	2 →
301	DBCS	Converts half-width single-byte characters to full-width double-byte characters.	1300	2 →
302	DEVSQ	Returns the sum of squared deviations from the mean.	1300	2 →
303	FACTDOUBLE	Returns the double factorial of a number, the product of every other integer down to 1.	1300	2 →
304	HARMEAN	Returns the harmonic mean.	1300	2 →
305	JIS	Converts half-width characters to full-width characters in Japanese text.	1300	2 →
306	MODE.MULT	Returns an array of the most frequent numbers when there are ties.	1300	2 →
307	PEARSON	Returns the Pearson correlation coefficient; identical to CORREL.	1300	2 →
308	PERCENTILE.EXC	Returns the value at a percentile, excluding 0 and 1.	1300	2 →
309	QUARTILE.EXC	Returns a quartile of a data set based on percentile values from 0 to 1, exclusive.	1300	2 →
310	SINH	Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number.	1300	2 →
311	STANDARDIZE	Returns a z-score for a value.	1300	2 →
312	TANH	Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number.	1300	2 →
313	ACOSH	Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number.	1350	2 →
314	ACOT	Returns the arccotangent of a number, in radians.	1350	2 →
315	ASINH	Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number.	1350	2 →
316	ATANH	Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number.	1350	2 →
317	COTH	Returns the hyperbolic cotangent of a number.	1350	2 →
318	CSCH	Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of a number.	1350	2 →
319	DAVERAGE	Averages values in a table column that match criteria.	1350	2 →
320	DB	Returns declining-balance depreciation for a period.	1350	2 →
321	DCOUNT	Counts numeric cells in a table column that match criteria.	1350	2 →
322	DCOUNTA	Counts non-blank cells in a table column that match criteria.	1350	2 →
323	DMAX	Returns the largest value in a table column that matches criteria.	1350	2 →
324	DMIN	Returns the smallest value in a table column that matches criteria.	1350	2 →
325	DPRODUCT	Multiplies the values in a table column that match criteria.	1350	2 →
326	DSUM	Adds values in a column of a table that match a criteria range.	1350	2 →
327	NOMINAL	Returns the nominal annual rate given an effective rate.	1350	2 →
328	PERCENTRANK.EXC	Returns the rank of a value as a percentage of the data set, excluding 0 and 1.	1350	2 →
329	PERMUTATIONA	Returns the number of permutations with repetitions allowed.	1350	2 →
330	PHONETIC	Extracts the furigana phonetic characters from a text string.	1350	2 →
331	SECH	Returns the hyperbolic secant of a number.	1350	2 →
332	SKEW	Returns the skewness of a distribution.	1350	2 →
333	SYD	Returns sum-of-years-digits depreciation for a period.	1350	2 →
334	ACOTH	Returns the inverse hyperbolic cotangent of a number.	1400	2 →
335	BIN2DEC	Converts a binary number to decimal.	1200	2 →
336	COVARIANCE.P	Returns population covariance, the average of products of deviations for each pair of data points.	1400	2 →
337	COVARIANCE.S	Returns the sample covariance of two data sets.	1400	2 →
338	DEC2BIN	Converts a decimal number to binary.	1200	2 →
339	DEC2HEX	Converts a decimal number to hexadecimal.	1200	2 →
340	DELTA	Returns 1 if two numbers are equal and 0 otherwise.	1200	2 →
341	DGET	Returns the single value from a table that matches criteria, erroring if there is more than one.	1400	2 →
342	DOLLARDE	Converts a price quoted as a fraction, like 1.02 for 1 and 2/16, into a decimal.	1400	2 →
343	DOLLARFR	Converts a decimal price into a fractional quote, like 1.125 into 1.02 for sixteenths.	1400	2 →
344	DSTDEV	Estimates the sample standard deviation of table values that match criteria.	1400	2 →
345	DSTDEVP	Calculates the population standard deviation of table values that match criteria.	1400	2 →
346	DVAR	Estimates the sample variance of table values that match criteria.	1400	2 →
347	DVARP	Calculates the population variance of table values that match criteria.	1400	2 →
348	FVSCHEDULE	Returns the future value after applying a series of different rates.	1400	2 →
349	GROWTH	Returns values along an exponential trend fitted to the data.	1400	2 →
350	HEX2DEC	Converts a hexadecimal number to decimal.	1200	2 →
351	ISPMT	Returns the interest paid during a specific period of an investment with equal principal payments.	1400	2 →
352	KURT	Returns the kurtosis of a distribution.	1400	2 →
353	MULTINOMIAL	Returns the multinomial of a set of numbers: the factorial of the sum divided by the product of the factorials.	1400	2 →
354	MUNIT	Returns the identity matrix of a given size.	1400	2 →
355	PDURATION	Returns the number of periods for an investment to reach a value.	1400	2 →
356	PERCENTRANK	Returns the percentage rank of a value in a data set; replaced by PERCENTRANK.INC.	1300	2 →
357	PROB	Returns the probability that values in a range fall between two limits.	1400	2 →
358	SKEW.P	Returns the skewness of a distribution based on a whole population.	1400	2 →
359	SUMX2MY2	Returns the sum of the difference of squares of corresponding values in two arrays.	1400	2 →
360	SUMX2PY2	Returns the sum of the sum of squares of corresponding values in two arrays.	1400	2 →
361	SUMXMY2	Returns the sum of squares of differences of corresponding values in two arrays.	1400	2 →
362	WEBSERVICE	Returns data from a web service URL as text.	1400	2 →
363	BIN2HEX	Converts a binary number to hexadecimal.	1250	2 →
364	BIN2OCT	Converts a binary number to octal.	1250	2 →
365	BINOM.DIST	Returns the binomial distribution probability.	1450	2 →
366	CONFIDENCE.T	Returns the confidence interval for a population mean using a Student t distribution.	1450	2 →
367	COVAR	Returns population covariance; replaced by COVARIANCE.P.	1350	2 →
368	DEC2OCT	Converts a decimal number to octal.	1250	2 →
369	EXPON.DIST	Returns the exponential distribution.	1450	2 →
370	FISHER	Returns the Fisher transformation of a value.	1450	2 →
371	FISHERINV	Returns the inverse of the Fisher transformation.	1450	2 →
372	GAUSS	Returns the probability that a standard normal value falls between the mean and z standard deviations from it.	1450	2 →
373	GESTEP	Returns 1 if a number is greater than or equal to a threshold and 0 otherwise.	1250	2 →
374	HEX2BIN	Converts a hexadecimal number to binary.	1250	2 →
375	HEX2OCT	Converts a hexadecimal number to octal.	1250	2 →
376	MDETERM	Returns the determinant of a square matrix.	1450	2 →
377	OCT2BIN	Converts an octal number to binary.	1250	2 →
378	OCT2DEC	Converts an octal number to decimal.	1250	2 →
379	OCT2HEX	Converts an octal number to hexadecimal.	1250	2 →
380	PHI	Returns the value of the standard normal density function at x.	1450	2 →
381	POISSON.DIST	Returns the Poisson distribution probability.	1450	2 →
382	ACCRINTM	Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays interest at maturity.	1500	2 →
383	BINOM.DIST.RANGE	Returns the probability of a trial result falling in a range using the binomial distribution.	1500	2 →
384	BINOM.INV	Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial distribution is at least the criterion.	1500	2 →
385	BINOMDIST	Returns the binomial distribution probability; replaced by BINOM.DIST.	1400	2 →
386	CHISQ.DIST	Returns the left-tailed chi-squared distribution.	1500	2 →
387	CHISQ.DIST.RT	Returns the right-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution.	1500	2 →
388	CHISQ.INV	Returns the inverse of the left-tailed chi-squared distribution.	1500	2 →
389	CHISQ.INV.RT	Returns the inverse of the right-tailed chi-squared distribution.	1500	2 →
390	CONFIDENCE	Returns the confidence interval for a population mean using a normal distribution; replaced by CONFIDENCE.NORM.	1400	2 →
391	CONFIDENCE.NORM	Returns the margin of a confidence interval for a population mean.	1500	2 →
392	DISC	Returns the discount rate for a security.	1500	2 →
393	EXPONDIST	Returns the exponential distribution; replaced by EXPON.DIST.	1400	2 →
394	F.TEST	Returns the result of an F-test: the two-tailed probability that the variances of two arrays are not significantly different.	1500	2 →
395	FILTERXML	Returns data from XML text using an XPath query.	1500	2 →
396	FORECAST.ETS.SEASONALITY	Returns the length of the repeating pattern Excel detects in a time series.	1500	2 →
397	GAMMA	Returns the gamma function value.	1500	2 →
398	GAMMALN	Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function.	1500	2 →
399	GAMMALN.PRECISE	Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function with improved precision.	1500	2 →
400	INTRATE	Returns the interest rate for a fully invested security.	1500	2 →
401	LOGNORM.DIST	Returns the lognormal distribution.	1500	2 →
402	LOGNORM.INV	Returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulative distribution.	1500	2 →
403	MINVERSE	Returns the inverse of a square matrix as an array.	1500	2 →
404	POISSON	Returns the Poisson distribution; replaced by POISSON.DIST.	1400	2 →
405	RECEIVED	Returns the amount received at maturity for a fully invested security.	1500	2 →
406	RTD	Retrieves real-time data from a COM automation server, like a market data feed.	1500	2 →
407	SERIESSUM	Returns the sum of a power series based on a formula.	1500	2 →
408	STEYX	Returns the standard error of the predicted y for each x in a regression.	1500	2 →
409	T.DIST	Returns the left-tailed Student t distribution.	1500	2 →
410	T.DIST.2T	Returns the two-tailed Student t distribution.	1500	2 →
411	T.DIST.RT	Returns the right-tailed Student t distribution.	1500	2 →
412	T.INV	Returns the left-tailed inverse of the Student t distribution.	1500	2 →
413	T.INV.2T	Returns the two-tailed inverse of the Student t distribution: the critical t for a confidence level.	1500	2 →
414	TBILLEQ	Returns the bond-equivalent yield for a Treasury bill.	1500	2 →
415	TBILLPRICE	Returns the price per 100 face value for a Treasury bill.	1500	2 →
416	TBILLYIELD	Returns the yield for a Treasury bill.	1500	2 →
417	VDB	Returns depreciation for any partial period using the variable declining balance method.	1500	2 →
418	BETA.DIST	Returns the beta distribution, often used to model proportions between 0 and 1.	1550	2 →
419	BETA.INV	Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta distribution.	1550	2 →
420	BITAND	Returns the bitwise AND of two numbers.	1350	2 →
421	BITLSHIFT	Returns a number shifted left by the specified number of bits.	1350	2 →
422	BITOR	Returns the bitwise OR of two numbers.	1350	2 →
423	BITRSHIFT	Returns a number shifted right by the specified number of bits.	1350	2 →
424	BITXOR	Returns the bitwise exclusive OR of two numbers.	1350	2 →
425	CHIDIST	Returns the right-tailed chi-squared probability; replaced by CHISQ.DIST.RT.	1450	2 →
426	CHIINV	Returns the inverse of the right-tailed chi-squared probability; replaced by CHISQ.INV.RT.	1450	2 →
427	CHISQ.TEST	Returns the p-value of a chi-squared test of independence.	1550	2 →
428	CHITEST	Returns the chi-squared test for independence; replaced by CHISQ.TEST.	1450	2 →
429	COUPDAYBS	Returns the number of days from the start of the coupon period to the settlement date.	1550	2 →
430	COUPDAYS	Returns the number of days in the coupon period that contains the settlement date.	1550	2 →
431	COUPDAYSNC	Returns the number of days from the settlement date to the next coupon date.	1550	2 →
432	COUPNCD	Returns the next coupon date after settlement.	1550	2 →
433	COUPNUM	Returns the number of coupons payable between settlement and maturity.	1550	2 →
434	COUPPCD	Returns the previous coupon date before settlement.	1550	2 →
435	CRITBINOM	Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial distribution meets a criterion; replaced by BINOM.INV.	1450	2 →
436	DURATION	Returns the Macaulay duration of a bond with periodic interest payments.	1550	2 →
437	F.DIST	Returns the left-tailed F probability distribution.	1550	2 →
438	F.DIST.RT	Returns the right-tailed F probability distribution.	1550	2 →
439	F.INV	Returns the inverse of the left-tailed F probability distribution.	1550	2 →
440	F.INV.RT	Returns the inverse of the right-tailed F probability distribution.	1550	2 →
441	FORECAST.ETS.CONFINT	Returns a confidence interval for a forecast value at a target date using exponential smoothing.	1550	2 →
442	FORECAST.ETS.STAT	Returns a statistical value from an exponential smoothing forecast, like the smoothing parameters or error measures.	1550	2 →
443	FTEST	Returns the result of an F-test; replaced by F.TEST.	1450	2 →
444	GAMMA.DIST	Returns the gamma distribution.	1550	2 →
445	GAMMA.INV	Returns the inverse of the gamma cumulative distribution.	1550	2 →
446	HYPGEOM.DIST	Returns the hypergeometric distribution: the probability of a given number of successes when sampling without replacement.	1550	2 →
447	LOGEST	Returns the parameters of an exponential curve fitted to data, as an array.	1550	2 →
448	LOGINV	Returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulative distribution; replaced by LOGNORM.INV.	1450	2 →
449	LOGNORMDIST	Returns the cumulative lognormal distribution; replaced by LOGNORM.DIST.	1450	2 →
450	MDURATION	Returns the modified duration of a security with an assumed par value of 100.	1550	2 →
451	NEGBINOM.DIST	Returns the negative binomial distribution: the probability of a number of failures before a given number of successes.	1550	2 →
452	PRICEDISC	Returns the price per 100 face value of a discounted security.	1550	2 →
453	PRICEMAT	Returns the price per 100 face value of a security that pays interest at maturity.	1550	2 →
454	TDIST	Returns the Student t distribution; replaced by T.DIST, T.DIST.RT, and T.DIST.2T.	1450	2 →
455	TINV	Returns the two-tailed inverse of the Student t distribution; replaced by T.INV.2T.	1450	2 →
456	TTEST	Returns the probability from a Student t-test; replaced by T.TEST.	1450	2 →
457	WEIBULL.DIST	Returns the Weibull distribution, common in reliability and failure-time analysis.	1550	2 →
458	YIELDDISC	Returns the annual yield for a discounted security, like a zero-coupon bond.	1550	2 →
459	YIELDMAT	Returns the annual yield of a security that pays interest at maturity.	1550	2 →
460	Z.TEST	Returns the one-tailed p-value of a z-test.	1550	2 →
461	ZTEST	Returns the one-tailed probability of a z-test; replaced by Z.TEST.	1450	2 →
462	AMORDEGRC	Returns depreciation for each accounting period using the French degressive method with a coefficient.	1600	2 →
463	AMORLINC	Returns prorated linear depreciation for each accounting period under the French system.	1600	2 →
464	BETADIST	Returns the cumulative beta distribution; replaced by BETA.DIST.	1500	2 →
465	BETAINV	Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta distribution; replaced by BETA.INV.	1500	2 →
466	COMPLEX	Builds a complex number from real and imaginary coefficients.	1400	2 →
467	FDIST	Returns the right-tailed F probability distribution; replaced by F.DIST.RT.	1500	2 →
468	FINV	Returns the inverse of the right-tailed F distribution; replaced by F.INV.RT.	1500	2 →
469	GAMMADIST	Returns the gamma distribution; replaced by GAMMA.DIST.	1500	2 →
470	GAMMAINV	Returns the inverse of the gamma cumulative distribution; replaced by GAMMA.INV.	1500	2 →
471	HYPGEOMDIST	Returns the hypergeometric distribution; replaced by HYPGEOM.DIST.	1500	2 →
472	IMAGINARY	Returns the imaginary coefficient of a complex number.	1400	2 →
473	IMREAL	Returns the real coefficient of a complex number.	1400	2 →
474	NEGBINOMDIST	Returns the negative binomial distribution; replaced by NEGBINOM.DIST.	1500	2 →
475	WEIBULL	Returns the Weibull distribution; replaced by WEIBULL.DIST.	1500	2 →
476	ACCRINT	Returns accrued interest for a security that pays periodic interest.	1650	2 →
477	IMABS	Returns the absolute value, or modulus, of a complex number.	1450	2 →
478	IMCONJUGATE	Returns the complex conjugate of a complex number.	1450	2 →
479	IMSUB	Returns the difference of two complex numbers.	1450	2 →
480	IMSUM	Returns the sum of complex numbers.	1450	2 →
481	ODDFPRICE	Returns the price per 100 face value of a security with an odd first period.	1650	2 →
482	ODDFYIELD	Returns the yield of a security with an odd first period.	1650	2 →
483	ODDLPRICE	Returns the price per 100 face value of a security with an odd last period.	1650	2 →
484	ODDLYIELD	Returns the yield of a security with an odd last period.	1650	2 →
485	PRICE	Returns the price per $100 face value of a bond.	1650	2 →
486	YIELD	Returns the yield of a bond from its price.	1650	2 →
487	ERF	Returns the error function.	1500	2 →
488	ERF.PRECISE	Returns the error function integrated from 0 to x.	1500	2 →
489	ERFC	Returns the complementary error function integrated from x to infinity.	1500	2 →
490	ERFC.PRECISE	Returns the complementary error function with improved precision.	1500	2 →
491	IMARGUMENT	Returns the argument theta of a complex number, an angle in radians.	1500	2 →
492	IMCOS	Returns the cosine of a complex number.	1500	2 →
493	IMDIV	Returns the quotient of two complex numbers.	1500	2 →
494	IMEXP	Returns the exponential of a complex number.	1500	2 →
495	IMLN	Returns the natural logarithm of a complex number.	1500	2 →
496	IMLOG10	Returns the base-10 logarithm of a complex number.	1500	2 →
497	IMLOG2	Returns the base-2 logarithm of a complex number.	1500	2 →
498	IMPOWER	Returns a complex number raised to an integer power.	1500	2 →
499	IMPRODUCT	Returns the product of complex numbers.	1500	2 →
500	IMSIN	Returns the sine of a complex number.	1500	2 →
501	IMSQRT	Returns the square root of a complex number.	1500	2 →
502	IMTAN	Returns the tangent of a complex number.	1500	2 →
503	ISOMITTED	Tests whether an optional LAMBDA parameter was left out.	1750	2 →
504	IMCOSH	Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a complex number.	1550	2 →
505	IMCOT	Returns the cotangent of a complex number.	1550	2 →
506	IMCSC	Returns the cosecant of a complex number.	1550	2 →
507	IMCSCH	Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of a complex number.	1550	2 →
508	IMSEC	Returns the secant of a complex number.	1550	2 →
509	IMSECH	Returns the hyperbolic secant of a complex number.	1550	2 →
510	IMSINH	Returns the hyperbolic sine of a complex number.	1550	2 →
511	BESSELI	Returns the modified Bessel function In(x).	1600	2 →
512	BESSELJ	Returns the Bessel function Jn(x).	1600	2 →
513	BESSELK	Returns the modified Bessel function Kn(x).	1600	2 →
514	BESSELY	Returns the Bessel function Yn(x).	1600	2 →
515	CUBEMEMBER	Returns a member or tuple from an OLAP cube, validating that it exists.	1600	2 →
516	CUBESETCOUNT	Returns the number of items in a cube set.	1600	2 →
517	CUBEKPIMEMBER	Returns a key performance indicator property from an OLAP cube and shows its name in the cell.	1650	2 →
518	CUBEMEMBERPROPERTY	Returns the value of a member property from an OLAP cube.	1650	2 →
519	CUBERANKEDMEMBER	Returns the nth member of a set from an OLAP cube, like the top-selling product.	1650	2 →
520	CUBESET	Defines a calculated set of members from an OLAP cube and sends it to the server.	1650	2 →

Shortcuts · 120

Windows keys; the catalog page has the Mac equivalent.

#	Topic	What it does	Difficulty	Practice
1	Ctrl + B	Bold	750	2 →
2	Ctrl + C	Copy	750	2 →
3	Ctrl + X	Cut	750	2 →
4	Ctrl + V	Paste	750	2 →
5	Ctrl + S	Save	700	2 →
6	Ctrl + Z	Undo	750	2 →
7	Esc	Cancel the entry or exit edit mode	800	2 →
8	Delete	Clear the contents of the selection	800	2 →
9	Enter	Confirm the entry and move down	800	4 →
10	Tab	Move one cell to the right	800	3 →
11	F2	Edit the active cell	850	2 →
12	Ctrl + F	Open Find	850	2 →
13	Ctrl + A	Select the current region, then the whole sheet on a second press	850	3 →
14	Ctrl + D	Fill down from the top cell of the selection	900	4 →
15	Alt + =	Insert an AutoSum formula	900	3 →
16	Ctrl + ;	Insert today's date as a fixed value	900	3 →
17	Ctrl + Arrow	Jump to the edge of the current data region	900	2 →
18	Ctrl + H	Open Find and Replace	900	2 →
19	Ctrl + 1	Open the Format Cells dialog	900	3 →
20	Alt + Enter	Start a new line inside the cell	900	2 →
21	Ctrl + T	Create a Table from the selection	950	2 →
22	Ctrl + Shift + Arrow	Extend the selection to the edge of the data region	950	2 →
23	F4	Toggle absolute and relative references while editing	950	2 →
24	Ctrl + Shift + L	Toggle AutoFilter	950	3 →
25	Ctrl + I	Italic	750	2 →
26	Ctrl + N	New workbook	750	2 →
27	Ctrl + O	Open a workbook	750	2 →
28	Ctrl + P	Print	800	2 →
29	Shift + Arrow	Extend the selection by one cell	850	2 →
30	Ctrl + Y (or F4)	Redo, or repeat the last action	850	2 →
31	Ctrl + R	Fill right from the left cell of the selection	900	2 →
32	Ctrl + Home	Go to cell A1	900	2 →
33	Ctrl + Page Down	Move to the next worksheet	900	2 →
34	Ctrl + Page Up	Move to the previous worksheet	900	2 →
35	Alt	Show ribbon key tips	900	2 →
36	Ctrl + -	Delete cells, rows, or columns	950	2 →
37	Ctrl + Shift + +	Insert cells, rows, or columns	950	2 →
38	Ctrl + Space	Select the entire column	950	3 →
39	Shift + Space	Select the entire row	950	2 →
40	Ctrl + Enter	Fill every selected cell with the same entry	1000	2 →
41	Ctrl + Alt + V	Open Paste Special	1000	2 →
42	Alt + ↓	Open the filter dropdown or an in-cell list	1000	2 →
43	Ctrl + Shift + V	Paste values only (newer versions)	1000	2 →
44	Alt, H, O, I	AutoFit column width	1050	2 →
45	Ctrl + E	Flash Fill: complete a pattern from adjacent data	1050	3 →
46	Alt, N, V	Insert a pivot table	1050	2 →
47	F9	Recalculate all open workbooks, or evaluate a selected part of a formula	1050	2 →
48	Ctrl + U	Underline	750	2 →
49	Alt + F4	Close Excel	800	2 →
50	Ctrl + W	Close the workbook	850	2 →
51	Shift + Tab	Move one cell to the left	850	2 →
52	F12	Save As	850	2 →
53	Ctrl + End	Go to the last used cell on the sheet	950	2 →
54	Ctrl + K	Insert a hyperlink	950	2 →
55	Shift + F11	Insert a new worksheet	950	2 →
56	Ctrl + Shift + ;	Insert the current time as a fixed value	950	2 →
57	Ctrl + Tab	Switch to the next open workbook	950	2 →
58	Ctrl + Shift + $	Apply currency format with two decimals	1000	2 →
59	Ctrl + Shift + !	Apply number format with two decimals and thousands separators	1000	2 →
60	Ctrl + Shift + %	Apply percentage format with no decimals	1000	2 →
61	Ctrl + Shift + End	Extend the selection to the last used cell	1000	2 →
62	Ctrl + 0	Hide the selected columns	1000	2 →
63	Ctrl + 9	Hide the selected rows	1000	2 →
64	Alt + F1	Insert a default chart on the current sheet	1000	2 →
65	Ctrl + G (or F5)	Open the Go To dialog	1000	2 →
66	Ctrl + `	Show formulas instead of values in all cells	1000	3 →
67	Alt, H, W	Toggle wrap text	1000	2 →
68	Alt, W, F, F	Freeze panes at the active cell	1050	2 →
69	Ctrl + F3	Open Name Manager	1050	2 →
70	Alt + F8	Open the Macros dialog	1050	2 →
71	Alt + F11	Open the VBA editor	1050	2 →
72	Ctrl + Alt + F5	Refresh all data connections and pivot tables	1050	2 →
73	Alt + F5	Refresh the active pivot table	1050	2 →
74	Alt + Shift + →	Group the selected rows or columns	1100	2 →
75	Alt, A, V, V	Open Data Validation	1100	2 →
76	Alt, A, M	Remove duplicates	1100	2 →
77	Alt, A, E	Text to Columns	1100	2 →
78	Alt + ;	Select only the visible cells in the selection	1150	2 →
79	Ctrl + Shift + Enter	Enter an array formula (legacy Excel)	1250	2 →
80	Shift + Enter	Confirm the entry and move up	900	2 →
81	Ctrl + F2	Print preview	900	2 →
82	Ctrl + F1	Collapse or expand the ribbon	950	2 →
83	Shift + F3	Open the Insert Function dialog	950	2 →
84	Ctrl + 5	Toggle strikethrough	950	2 →
85	Alt, H, A, C	Center the cell contents	1000	2 →
86	Ctrl + Shift + U	Expand or collapse the formula bar	1000	2 →
87	Ctrl + Shift + Home	Extend the selection to A1	1000	2 →
88	F11	Insert a default chart on a new chart sheet	1000	2 →
89	Shift + F2	Insert or edit a cell comment or note	1000	2 →
90	Alt + Page Down	Scroll one screen to the right	1000	2 →
91	Ctrl + Shift + &	Add an outline border	1050	2 →
92	Ctrl + Shift + #	Apply date format	1050	2 →
93	Ctrl + Shift + ~	Apply General format	1050	2 →
94	Alt, H, H	Open the fill color menu	1050	2 →
95	Alt, A, S, S	Open the Sort dialog	1050	2 →
96	Ctrl + Shift + _	Remove all borders	1050	2 →
97	Ctrl + Backspace	Scroll back to the active cell	1050	2 →
98	Ctrl + Shift + *	Select the current region around the active cell	1050	2 →
99	Ctrl + Shift + 9	Unhide rows in the selection	1050	2 →
100	Alt, H, L	Open the conditional formatting menu	1100	2 →
101	Shift + F9	Recalculate the active sheet only	1100	2 →
102	Alt + Shift + ←	Ungroup the selected rows or columns	1100	2 →
103	Ctrl + '	Copy the formula from the cell above without adjusting references	1150	2 →
104	Ctrl + Shift + "	Copy the value from the cell above	1150	2 →
105	Alt, M, D	Trace dependents	1150	2 →
106	Alt, M, P	Trace precedents	1150	2 →
107	Alt, M, V	Evaluate Formula step by step	1200	2 →
108	Alt, A, P, T	Open Power Query from a table or range	1200	2 →
109	Ctrl + ]	Select the cells that refer to this one (dependents)	1200	2 →
110	Ctrl + [	Select the cells this formula refers to (precedents)	1200	2 →
111	F7	Spell check	950	2 →
112	Ctrl + F6	Switch to the next workbook window	1000	2 →
113	F6	Cycle between the sheet, ribbon, and task panes	1100	2 →
114	F3	Paste a defined name into a formula	1100	2 →
115	Alt, W, S	Split the window at the active cell	1100	2 →
116	Shift + F8	Add another range to the selection without the mouse	1150	2 →
117	Ctrl + Shift + F3	Create names from the selection's labels	1150	2 →
118	Ctrl + Shift + A	Insert argument names after typing a function name	1150	2 →
119	Ctrl + Shift + *	Select the entire pivot table	1150	2 →
120	Alt + Shift + →	Expand a pivot field	1200	2 →

Pivot tables · 40

The features, from the first pivot to calculated fields.

#	Topic	What it does	Difficulty	Practice
1	Creating a pivot table	Summarizes a table of rows into totals by any combination of fields, without formulas.	950	5 →
2	Refreshing	Re-reads the source data; pivots do not update on their own.	950	2 →
3	The four areas	Rows and Columns define the grid, Values are what gets summarized, Filters limit the whole table.	950	2 →
4	Changing the summary function	Switches a value field between Sum, Count, Average, Max, Min, and others.	1000	2 →
5	Grouping dates	Rolls daily dates up into months, quarters, and years.	1100	2 →
6	Slicers	Clickable buttons that filter one or more pivots at once and show what is filtered.	1100	2 →
7	The fields pane	The panel where fields are dragged into areas; it disappears when the pivot is not selected.	900	2 →
8	Drilling to details	Shows the source rows behind any total.	1000	2 →
9	Multiple value fields	Shows several summaries side by side, like Sum of Revenue and Count of Orders.	1000	2 →
10	Report filters	Limits the entire pivot to chosen items of a field placed in the Filters area.	1000	2 →
11	Sorting a pivot	Orders row or column items by label or by their values.	1000	2 →
12	Subtotals and grand totals	Turns the automatic subtotal rows and grand total row and column on or off.	1000	2 →
13	Changing the data source	Points the pivot at a bigger or different range when the source grows.	1050	2 →
14	Number formatting a value field	Formats every cell of a value field at once, and the format survives refresh.	1050	2 →
15	Report layout: compact, outline, tabular	Controls whether nested row fields stack in one column (compact) or spread across columns (outline, tabular).	1100	2 →
16	Source data shape	Pivots need one header row and one record per row: no merged cells, no subtotals, no blank header cells.	1150	2 →
17	Show Values As	Displays a value field as a percentage of the total, running total, difference from, or rank instead of the raw number.	1250	2 →
18	Pivot charts	A chart wired to the pivot that changes as you filter, group, or rearrange it.	1100	2 →
19	Preserving formatting on refresh	Keeps column widths and cell formats from resetting every time you refresh.	1100	2 →
20	Repeat item labels	Fills the row labels on every row instead of only the first of each group, so the output can be used as flat data.	1100	2 →
21	Label and value filters	Filters row items by their name (contains, begins with) or by their totals (top 10, greater than).	1150	2 →
22	Timelines	A slicer built for dates that lets you pick years, quarters, months, or days by dragging.	1150	2 →
23	Top 10 filter	Shows only the largest or smallest N items, or the items that make up a percentage of the total.	1150	2 →
24	Flattening a pivot to a table	Turns pivot output into a plain table that formulas can reference.	1200	2 →
25	Grouping numbers into bins	Turns a numeric field into ranges like 0-99, 100-199.	1200	2 →
26	Calculated fields	Adds a new value field computed from other fields with a formula, like Revenue minus Cost.	1300	2 →
27	GETPIVOTDATA	A formula that pulls a specific value out of a pivot and keeps pulling the right one when the pivot moves.	1300	2 →
28	Distinct count	Counts unique values in a field, such as how many customers ordered.	1350	2 →
29	Recommended PivotTables	Excel suggests layouts for your data.	900	2 →
30	Blank and error display	Controls what shows in empty cells and error cells of the pivot.	1050	2 →
31	Removing automatic date grouping	Stops Excel splitting dates into Years, Quarters, and Months automatically.	1150	2 →
32	Values in rows versus columns	Controls whether multiple value fields sit side by side or stacked.	1150	2 →
33	Conditional formatting in a pivot	Data bars or color scales that apply to all cells of a value field and survive refresh.	1200	2 →
34	Manual grouping	Combines chosen items into a custom group, like three regions into one territory.	1200	2 →
35	The pivot cache	A copy of the source data that the pivot reads from, shared by pivots built from the same source.	1300	2 →
36	Pivots on external data	Builds a pivot straight from a database, another workbook, or a Power Query result.	1400	2 →
37	The Data Model	Lets a pivot use several related tables at once and unlocks measures written in DAX.	1450	2 →
38	DAX measures	Formulas that calculate correctly at any level of the pivot, like a true average or a year-over-year change.	1550	2 →
39	Defer layout update	Stops the pivot recalculating after every drag when the source is large.	1150	2 →
40	Calculated items	Adds a new row or column item computed from other items of the same field, like Q1 plus Q2.	1400	2 →

VBA · 72

The language, not the macros — those are on the VBA snippets page.

#	Topic	What it does	Difficulty	Practice
1	Macro-enabled workbooks	Macros only survive in .xlsm (or .xlsb) files; saving as .xlsx strips them.	900	2 →
2	MsgBox	Shows a message and optionally asks Yes/No.	900	2 →
3	Declaring variables with Dim	Declares a variable and its type before use.	950	2 →
4	If ... Then ... Else	Runs code when a condition is true, with optional ElseIf and Else branches.	950	2 →
5	Range	Refers to a cell or block by address, name, or as an intersection.	950	2 →
6	Recording a macro	Excel writes the code for whatever you do, a good way to learn object names.	950	2 →
7	Sub procedures	A block of code that performs actions and returns nothing; every macro is a Sub.	950	2 →
8	The VBA editor	Where macros are written and run; opened with Alt + F11.	950	2 →
9	Cells(row, column)	Refers to a cell by numbers, which makes looping easy.	1000	1 →
10	For ... Next	Repeats a block a set number of times with a counter.	1000	2 →
11	For Each ... Next	Loops over every item in a collection: cells in a range, sheets in a workbook.	1050	2 →
12	Set for objects	Object variables (ranges, sheets, workbooks) must be assigned with Set.	1050	2 →
13	Application.ScreenUpdating	Stops the screen redrawing while code runs, a large speedup for anything that touches many cells.	1100	2 →
14	Finding the last row	The standard way to find the last used row in a column, mimicking Ctrl + Up from the bottom.	1150	2 →
15	Comments	An apostrophe starts a comment that VBA ignores.	850	1 →
16	Assigning a macro to a button	Runs a macro from a shape or form control on the sheet.	950	2 →
17	Clear methods	ClearContents removes values, ClearFormats removes formatting, Clear removes both.	950	2 →
18	InputBox	Asks the user to type a value.	950	2 →
19	String concatenation	Ampersand joins text; & is safer than + because + tries to add numbers.	950	2 →
20	Breakpoints and stepping	Pause code at a line (F9) and run it one line at a time (F8) while watching variables.	1050	2 →
21	Copy and PasteSpecial	Copies a range and pastes values, formats, or formulas.	1050	2 →
22	Data types	Long for whole numbers, Double for decimals, String for text, Boolean for True/False, Date, Variant for anything.	1050	2 →
23	Debug.Print and the Immediate window	Writes values to the Immediate window (Ctrl + G) while code runs.	1050	2 →
24	Option Explicit	Forces every variable to be declared, so typos become errors instead of silent new variables.	1050	1 →
25	Avoiding Select and Activate	Working with ranges directly is faster and more reliable than selecting them first.	1100	2 →
26	Do ... Loop	Repeats while or until a condition holds, when you do not know the count in advance.	1100	2 →
27	With ... End With	Runs several statements against one object without repeating its name.	1100	2 →
28	Worksheets collection	Refers to sheets by name or index; the code name (in the editor) is stable even if the tab is renamed.	1100	2 →
29	Application.Calculation	Switches to manual calculation during a macro so formulas do not recalculate after every write.	1150	2 →
30	Function procedures	A block of code that returns a value, usable from other code or as a custom worksheet function.	1150	2 →
31	ThisWorkbook vs ActiveWorkbook	ThisWorkbook is the file the code lives in; ActiveWorkbook is whichever one is in front.	1150	2 →
32	WorksheetFunction	Calls Excel functions like SUM, VLOOKUP, or MAX from VBA.	1150	2 →
33	The object model	Application contains Workbooks, which contain Worksheets, which contain Ranges; you drill down with dots.	1200	2 →
34	On Error handling	Decides what happens when a runtime error occurs: jump to a handler, or ignore and continue.	1250	2 →
35	ActiveCell and Selection	The cell the cursor is on and whatever is selected; recorded macros lean on them, good code avoids them.	1000	2 →
36	Constants	A named value that cannot change, for settings used in many places.	1000	2 →
37	Macro security	Files from the internet are blocked from running macros until unblocked in file properties or trusted.	1000	2 →
38	Compile errors	Mistakes caught before running, like a missing End If; Debug > Compile finds them all at once.	1050	2 →
39	Exit For, Exit Do, Exit Sub	Leaves a loop or procedure early.	1050	1 →
40	CurrentRegion	The block of data around a cell, bounded by blank rows and columns, like Ctrl + A once.	1100	2 →
41	Format	Formats a number or date as text, like TEXT in a sheet.	1100	2 →
42	Offset	A range a number of rows and columns away from another.	1100	2 →
43	String functions	Left, Right, Mid, Len, Trim, UCase, Replace, InStr, Split: the VBA versions of the text functions.	1100	2 →
44	UsedRange	Every cell the sheet considers used, including formatted empties.	1100	2 →
45	Assigning values without copying	Setting one range's Value from another is faster than Copy and Paste.	1150	2 →
46	Date functions	Date, Now, DateAdd, DateDiff, DateSerial for date math in code.	1150	2 →
47	Select Case	Chooses between many branches based on one value; cleaner than a long ElseIf chain.	1150	2 →
48	Variant	A catch-all type that holds anything, including arrays and ranges of values; slower and easier to misuse.	1150	2 →
49	AutoFilter in code	Applies a filter to a range from code.	1200	2 →
50	Modules, sheet modules, and class modules	Standard modules hold macros; sheet and ThisWorkbook modules hold events; class modules define objects.	1200	2 →
51	Sorting in code	Sorts a range by a key column.	1200	2 →
52	The Err object	Holds the number and description of the last error.	1200	2 →
53	Workbook_Open	Runs when the file opens; used for setup or reminders.	1200	2 →
54	Find	Searches a range for a value and returns the first matching cell, or Nothing.	1250	2 →
55	User-defined worksheet functions	A Function in a standard module can be used in cells like any built-in function.	1250	2 →
56	Variable scope	Dim inside a procedure is local; Private or Public at the top of a module is module-level or global.	1250	2 →
57	Arrays	A variable holding many values, indexed by number; reading a range into an array is much faster than cell by cell.	1300	2 →
58	Worksheet and workbook events	Code that runs automatically when something happens, like a cell changing or the workbook opening.	1350	2 →
59	Processing in arrays	Read a range into an array, loop in memory, write it back once; far faster than cell-by-cell loops.	1400	2 →
60	Line continuation	A space and underscore lets a statement continue on the next line.	1000	2 →
61	Watches and Locals	Windows that show the current value of variables while paused.	1100	1 →
62	GoTo	Jumps to a label; used almost only with On Error.	1150	1 →
63	Resize	A range with the same top-left cell but a new size.	1200	2 →
64	Value, Value2, Text	Value returns the cell value (dates as Date), Value2 the raw number, Text what is displayed.	1250	1 →
65	Application.InputBox for ranges	An InputBox that lets the user select a range with the mouse.	1300	2 →
66	Optional arguments	Parameters a caller can leave out, with a default value.	1300	2 →
67	ByVal and ByRef	ByRef (the default) lets a procedure change the caller's variable; ByVal passes a copy.	1350	2 →
68	ReDim	Resizes a dynamic array; Preserve keeps the existing values.	1350	2 →
69	Application.EnableEvents	Turns event handling off so a Change event that writes to the sheet does not trigger itself forever.	1400	2 →
70	UserForms	Custom dialog boxes with text boxes, dropdowns, and buttons.	1400	1 →
71	Collection and Dictionary	Containers for lists and key-value pairs; Dictionary (Scripting.Dictionary) gives fast lookups by key.	1450	2 →
72	Static variables	A local variable that keeps its value between calls.	1300	2 →

Concepts · 26

The things that aren't one function: errors, references, dates, tables.

#	Topic	What it does	Difficulty	Practice
1	Error values	Each error tells you what went wrong: #N/A not found, #REF! deleted reference, #NAME? unknown name, #VALUE! wrong type, #DIV/0! divided by zero, #NUM! bad number, #SPILL! blocked array, ##### too narrow.	1000	21 →
2	Relative, absolute, and mixed references	A1 shifts when copied; $A$1 never moves; A$1 locks the row and $A1 locks the column.	1000	5 →
3	Numbers stored as text	Text that looks like a number is skipped by SUM and sorts wrongly; a green triangle flags it.	1050	2 →
4	How dates and times work	A date is a serial day count from January 1, 1900; a time is a fraction of a day. Formatting only changes the display.	1050	6 →
5	Excel Tables	A range converted with Ctrl + T that auto-expands, keeps formats and formulas consistent, and lets formulas use column names.	1050	1 →
6	Pivot tables	A drag-and-drop summary of raw rows by any fields, with no formulas.	1050	0 →
7	Choosing a lookup function	VLOOKUP looks right only and breaks when columns move; INDEX/MATCH looks anywhere; XLOOKUP does both with exact match by default.	1250	0 →
8	File types	xlsx has no macros, xlsm keeps them, xlsb is compact binary, csv is plain text with values only.	900	2 →
9	Number formats and custom formats	Formats change how a value displays, not what it is. Custom codes handle thousands, decimals, percent, dates, and conditional colors.	1000	5 →
10	Data validation	Restricts what a cell accepts: a list, a number range, a date, or a custom formula.	1000	1 →
11	Data tools	Text to Columns, Remove Duplicates, Flash Fill, Sort, Filter, and Goal Seek handle most cleanup without formulas.	1000	5 →
12	Conditional formatting	Cell appearance driven by rules: value ranges, top/bottom, duplicates, data bars, or a formula.	1050	0 →
13	Charts	Visuals bound to ranges or tables; combo, waterfall, and pivot charts cover most reporting.	1050	1 →
14	Order of operations	Excel evaluates parentheses, then percent, then exponents, then multiply and divide, then add and subtract, then & and comparisons. A leading minus binds tighter than ^.	1100	11 →
15	Error handling in formulas	IFERROR catches every error, IFNA only #N/A; catching too much hides real bugs.	1100	0 →
16	Criteria strings	COUNTIF-family criteria are text: ">10", "<>West", "app*". Comparisons against cells are built with &.	1150	0 →
17	Dynamic arrays and spilling	A formula that returns several values writes them into neighboring cells automatically; A1# refers to the whole spill.	1300	4 →
18	Power Query	A tool for importing and reshaping data with recorded, repeatable steps.	1300	1 →
19	Named ranges	A readable name for a cell or range, used in formulas and as list sources.	1050	1 →
20	Protecting sheets and workbooks	Locks cells against editing and hides formulas once the sheet is protected.	1100	1 →
21	Formula auditing	Tools that show what feeds a formula, what depends on it, and how it evaluates step by step.	1150	3 →
22	Precision and display	15 significant digits are stored; display rounding does not change the value, ROUND does.	1150	1 →
23	What-If Analysis	Goal Seek changes one input to hit a target; Data Tables show a formula across many inputs; Scenario Manager stores sets of inputs.	1250	1 →
24	Calculation and performance	Volatile functions, whole-column array math, and too many lookups slow recalculation.	1350	0 →
25	Boolean math and SUMPRODUCT	Comparisons return TRUE/FALSE; multiplying or double-negating turns them into 1/0 so they can be summed.	1450	1 →
26	LET and LAMBDA	LET names intermediate values inside a formula; LAMBDA defines a reusable custom function without VBA.	1600	0 →

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